Recent changes and forecast of the coastline of the Huanghe River deltaic regions

Landsat MSS, TM, ETM+, OLI multi-temporal of 9 remote sensing data form 1976 to 2020 were used to extract the coastline of the Huanghe River deltaic regions. Quantitative analyses of the coastline in terms of the index of coastline type diversity, roughness index, the end point change rate, etc., were performed to understand the temporal and spatial evolution of the coastlines. The shoreline variation was predicted using the Kalman filter useful for the development and protection of the Huanghe River delta. Results show that in the past 44 years, the index of coastline type diversity has been increasing, and the coastline types have been diversified. The coastline was rough, the shape of the coastline roughness curve generally changed from relatively smooth to relatively tortuous, and then to little smoother than before gradually. Generally, the coastlines of the estuary area advanced rapidly seaward, while both sides of the region were eroded. The artificial coastlines remain stable. It was predicted that in 2030, the coastline near Q₈ Promontory and coastal area from Songchunronggou to Hutouya would advance seaward by sedimentary accumulation, whereas the coastline from the Dongfeng Port to Gudong Oilfield would retreat landward by erosion.